Land Consolidation Can Lift Economies While Deepening Biodiversity and Social Deficits, Global Review Finds
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Summary
A global synthesis of 148 land-consolidation cases across 28 countries shows that consolidating farmland into larger operations can deliver consistent economic gains while deepening biodiversity loss and social inequality. The review categorizes the outcomes as benefits, negative impacts, trade-offs, or synergies across economic, environmental, and social dimensions, and aligns them with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It finds that most assessments remain single-dimensional, obscuring cross-dimensional trade-offs. Biodiversity declined in 81% of the assessed cases, and 57% reported increased social inequality. Importantly, projects that embed ecological conservation in their design report cross-dimensional synergies far more often than intensification-only projects, showing that land consolidation is not automatically a pathway to sustainable intensification.
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