High-ESPmax Activators Enable Uniform Room-Temperature Initiated Quasi-Solid-State Gel Electrolytes
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Summary
A room-temperature free-radical polymerization strategy enables the solid-state lithium batteries with improved uniformity and energy density. By introducing activators with high maximum molecular surface electrostatic potential (ESPmax), the approach activates carbon-carbon double (C=C) bonds in acrylate-based monomers, lowering the polymerization barrier and forming quasi-solid-state gel electrolytes (QSEs) inside cells. The resulting room-temperature initiated QSE (RT-QSE) suppresses harmful interfacial side reactions, preserves lithium-rich manganese-based oxide (LRMO) cathode structure and improves electrolyte uniformity. A 4 mAh cm⁻² cathode retained 95.1% capacity after 100 cycles. A 9.53 Ah pouch cell with a cathode exceeding 10 mAh cm⁻² delivered 656.6 Wh kg⁻¹, offering a practical route to high-energy-density solid-state batteries.
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